American Government assignment one Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American Government assignment one - Essay Example In fact that was the very thing against which the Colonials had rebelled. This distrust in government engendered one which was inherently weak. The problem with the Articles of Confederation was that they sought to create a nation while still trying to allow the several states to keep powers typically only reserved for actual nation-states like taxation powers, war declaration powers, and the right to issue currency. Most of all, the Confederation had no executive branch and thus no recognizable head of state. The Constitution gave the new national government the power to issue currency and thus provided financial stability to the country (Henretta 2000, 222). It also established a clear executive and leader of the country in the person of the Presidency. The First President, George Washington, provided a unity which was conspicuously missing under the Articles (Maddox 2003, 78-79). James Madison said that the Constitution was necessary to establish â€Å"a strong government to cond uct foreign affairs and insisted that central authority would not foster domestic tyranny.† The Constitution gave the â€Å"central government broad powers over taxation, military defense, and external commerce as well as the authority to make all laws†¦to implement those provisions† (Henretta 2000, 226). The Constitution ended the chaos of the Confederation and gave birth to the America we know today. Article 1.) David Jackson’s article in The Oval â€Å"House rebukes Obama over Libya† (Jackson 2011) very much encapsulates some of the broad changes which have beset America’s system of Federalism over the course of the last half century. The rise of the unitary executive in no way accords with the thoughts of the founders who very much sought to limit the executive branch through a unique system of checks and balances. The U.S. House of Representatives recently ‘rebuked’ Obama for his continued prosecution of the military action in Libya. The US and its allies are seeking to bolster and support a rebellion led by anti-Qaddafi forces and to protect civilian targets which have borne the brunt of attacks by government forces. A coalition of fiscally conservative Republicans and rebellious Democrats managed to pass a resolution in the House against the Obama Administration’s bombing campaign. The meaningfulness of the resolution is nonetheless very much in doubt. Just after passing it, the House refused to cut funding for the operation in North Africa. It seems that the House resolution then was nothing more than a feel-good measure; things on the ground remain unchanged. The dispute concerns the 1973 War Powers Resolution which requires the President to seek Congressional approval of all military actions beyond 60 days. The Libya action has lasted well beyond 60 days but President Obama has still refused to obtain approval, claiming the War Powers Resolution does not apply because it is a NATO effort. At the root of the question is the explicit power held by the Congress to control spending and declare war. Jackson quotes Florida Representative Tom Rooney who said, â€Å"Only Congress has the power to declare war and the power of the purse, and my bill exercises both of these powers by blocking funds for the war in Libya unless the President receives

Judicial activism Essay Example for Free

Judicial activism Essay Judicial activism continues to attract a heated debate in many parts of the world. Judicial activism can in general terms be defined as judge legislating on the bench. Judicial activism is a situation where the presiding judge or jury issues a judgment on a case based on his or her political or personal thoughts. The judgment may also be based on pressures that emanate outside the constitution. Judicial activism therefore occurs when the court of law fails to abide by the provisions of the constitution in issuing judgment. There have been arguments in different parts of the world on different provisions that gives room for judicial activism. The basic argument has been due to the ability of judicial activism to result into violation of separation of powers of the legislature and the judiciary. This is because it gives the judge the power to create laws rather than conforming to interpretation of the existing law. This is the functions of the legislative arm of government. On the other hand, proponents of judicial activism have argued that it creates a situation where the judges’ rulings are not limited which gives room for the broader application of the law. Generally, judicial activism has been criticized because of the possibility of it being used by liberals or conservatives to create new laws by avoiding the traditional legislation processes that are subject to public opinions and debates (Roosevelt, 2008). It is important to note that the officials in the judiciary are appointee while the legislature is directly elected by the citizens in the country. This means that the judiciary does not have the ability to legislate. For this reason, judicial activism has been accused of being responsible for unacceptable judgments in the courts of law. It allows both conservatives and liberals in the justice systems to transgress the jurisdiction of the law court and make judgments that are inconsistent with the law of the land. Some people have defended judicial activism arguing that the judge does not create any law. However, the effects of the judge basing his judgment on his political and personal thoughts have the same effects as a written law. Both either limit or allow an action against an offender. Depending on the legal systems in a country, the level of judicial activism varies. For example, judicial activism has been found to be more likely in Canada compared to the United States due to the high dependence of Canadian judicial systems on judge’s discretion (Roosevelt, 2008). Judicial activism in Canada The Canadian judicial systems allows the judge to make judgments according to his interpretation of the constitution, the common law, acceptable policies in the judiciary and gives them discretionary powers in the rulings. This creates a room for judicial activism in the Canadian justice systems. However, it is important to note that there is eminent separation of powers of the judiciary and legislature in Canada. The traditions of the Canadian justice system have a very strong respect for the constitutional function of the legislature. It is the responsibility of the court and the justice systems to ensure that the law of the land is applied impartially as it is written (Kelly, 2006). The Canadian justice systems are based on the British and the French legal systems. These legal structures rely more on the judge’s discretion, the judicial policies as well as the common law. Therefore, compared to legal systems in other countries such as the United States, the Canadian systems are more susceptible to being accused of judicial activism. Consequently, there is a glowing concern over judicial activism in Canada as a response to the Charter of Rights and Freedoms where the judges have been accused of overstepping their mandates and making unreasonable judgments. Of greater concern is handling of cases involving same sex marriages where the judges have been accused of basing the judgments on their personal thoughts about the topic (Kelly, 2006). The Charter of Rights and Freedoms was enacted in 1882. This law was followed by other parliamentary and provincial enactments that have increasingly widened the scope of human rights and freedoms in Canada. The principle function of the charter and the subsequent legislation has been safeguarding the rights and freedoms of individuals in the country constitutionally. However, the big question has been whether the charter has been able to secure the rights and freedoms of all individuals living in Canada. There have been arguments that the law creates excuses for the judiciary and tribunals to deny Canadians their fundamental rights and freedoms and undermine the principles of democracy. Initially, the charter was praised by its admirers who argued that it was the greatest achievement in the history of Canada making it more democratic and just. However, some people have argued that the charter has done centrally to the expectation by empowering the judges to make unacceptable rulings (Kelly, 2006). According to Leishman (2006), before the enactment of the charter into law, the legislative bodies in Canada which includes the parliament and the provincial legislatures had well defined functions in the country which made them supreme. They had the constitutional authority to make new laws and amend or revoke the existing ones. However, the situation has changed since the enactment of the charter. Today, the judiciary has taken over the legislative duties as well as its judicial duties. It has become a common occurrence in the Canadian legal systems for judges and juries, who are not elected but appointed, to impose guidelines on key policy issues to the parliament and the provincial legislators who are elected democratically by the people. Democratically, these representatives are expected to form the legislative arm of government but the Supreme Court has dodged the principles of democracy and has allowed judges to legislate on the bench resulting into unacceptable and unrealistic judgments. Leishman (2006) provides several cases in the Canadian legal systems where the judges have made unacceptable judgments based on their personal ideologies about an issue. An analysis of these cases indicates that individuals, corporate organizations and social entities are affected by the unacceptable rulings in many ways. Some of the court ruling that is aimed at promoting rights and freedoms have in reality resulted into injustices and biasness because they are based on the judge’s personal opinion which may not be in the best interest of all individuals or entities involved in the case. An example of such as case was Linda Gibson‘s picketing case. Gibson was a pro-life advocate who had a personal opinion against abortion in the country. Being a victim of the traumatizing effect of abortion on the woman and having witnessed the negative effects of abortion for many years, she opted to picketing outside an abortion clinic in the city. In 1994, the court order was issued ruling against picketing within the vicinity of abortion clinic. This is despite the charter assuring all Canadians the freedom of expression. This is one of the cases where the judicial activisms have been used to impose unacceptable judgments which violate the fundamental rights of individuals. It is important to note that it is the role of the legislature to limit individuals’ rights and freedom while the courts are expected to make judgments based on reasonable interpretation of the law. Another important case which indicated the level to which the judiciary has overstepped its mandate is the Vreind v. Alberta case in which Delwyn Vriend, an employee at King’s University College, had appealed against his dismissal. He was accused of insubordinate behavior for wearing a shirt that mocked the conservative codes of conducts in the college that prohibited homosexuality. Due to pressure from some resentful students in the college, the administration was forced to dismiss Vriend. He appealed to the human rights commission in the province against the discriminative dismissal and eventually the case went before the courts. The court ruled against the college’s decision to dismiss the worker arguing that it was an act of discrimination based on sexual orientation. This form of discrimination was against the charter and related acts in the province (Leishman 2006). However, careful analysis of the case demonstrates that the decision was as a result of judicial activism which severely affected the college. It is important to note that by the time this ruling was made, no legislation in Alberta relating to human rights mentioned anything to do with sexual orientations. Moreover, the court admitted in its judgment that the legislature in the province had in many instances ignored the demands to incorporate provisions that related to the rights and freedoms relating to sexual orientations. The charter of rights and freedoms alike did not have any provision relating to sexual orientations. The parliament had rejected all proposals to include such provisions in the charter. This is a clear indication that the Supreme Court overstepped its jurisdiction by taking up legislative roles. It was wrong for the Supreme Court to ignore the decision by the legislative arms of government, who are directly elected by the people (Roach, 2001). Based on these ruling, where the judges ruled according to their personal opinions on the issue and not a reasonable interpretation of the law, the Supreme Court has made other ruling that favor homosexuality in Canada. For example, based on the Vriend case ruling, the court ruled in favor of same sex couples in the M. . H. case in 1999. The court argued that homosexuals should be granted equal rights according to the charter despite the legislature rejecting attempts to incorporate such provisions in the charter. The court was well aware of the failed attempts by the attorney general to legally allow homosexual couples to have the same rights as legally married couples. The legislatures being the people representative rejected the bill due to the public outcry and widespread objection. However, the court’s ruling on the M. v. H. case was very surprising (Cossman, 2002). Rather than amending the law, the court humiliated the legislature by giving it half a year to amend that law in order to grant homosexual couple equal rights and responsibilities. The legislature responded to the order by the court and amended the law by adding statutes that give homosexual couples the same rights as heterosexual couples. Although some people may argue that it is reasonable for the charter to protect the rights of all irrespective of their sexual orientation, it is interesting to note that the court was able to achieve a legislation function that the legislature was unable. There is no doubt that the court ruling ordering the legislature was uncalled for and unacceptable given that the two arms of government need to be separated. The role of the court is to interpret the law a while the legislative functions are bestowed on the legislature by the constitution (Christopher, 2001). There are several ways in which the law court can oversteps its mandate and make unacceptable rulings. The most interesting aspect of judicial activism in Canada is that the proponents of these moves by the court base their arguments on the charter on rights and freedoms. For this reason, the most common form of judicial activisms involves the court extending the rights and freedoms of an individual contrary to the provisions in the law. An example of such cases is the Vriend case where the court extended the rights of the complainant to include sexual orientation which is not included in the charter. The court can also make unacceptable rulings by increasing the powers of the judiciary. This is the case in the M. v. H. case. In this case, the court overstepped its constitutional function by ordering the legislature to amend the law accordingly. Although it is the legislature which passed the law, its role was to rubber stamp what the court had already legislated which is not acceptable (James, 2003). There are cases where the court has made unacceptable rulings by increasing the rights and freedoms of a group of people. These groups can be an ethnic community or groups with a certain ideological believe such as homosexuals, pro-life or pro-choice. For example, in the case of Linda Gibson‘s picketing case, the court made a unacceptable ruling which increased the freedoms of the pro-choice group while limiting that of the pro-life group. In the same way, by the court pushing for amendment of the law in the M. v. H. case, the court increased the rights of homosexuals (Leishman, 2006). Conclusion The enactment of the charter on rights and freedoms in Canada was seen by many as a revolutionary legislation in the history of the country. The law guaranteed all Canadians equal rights and freedoms. Unfortunately, the charter has turned into a threat to the citizens in the country because the courts have used it to defend unacceptable rulings that amount to judicial activism. In the enactment of the charter, the legislators rejected all attempts to incorporate issues related to homosexuals, pro-life and conservative Christian values. However, in many instances, the judges in the law court have overstepped their constitutional functions and legislated from the bench. The rulings are based on the personal and political ideologies and beliefs of the presiding judge which may not be in the best interest of the general public. Although some level of judicial activism may be essential in any democratic society, some resultant rulings are unacceptable.

Oxidative Decolourisation of Rosaniline Hydrochloride (RAH)

Oxidative Decolourisation of Rosaniline Hydrochloride (RAH) Kinetic, thermodynamic studies for oxidation of rosaniline hydrochloride dye by persulphate in ambient temperatures Z. M. Abou-Gamra* Abstract The kinetics of the oxidative decolourisation of rosaniline hydrochloride (RAH) by sodium persulphate was studied spectrophotometrically over pH range 3.5-9.5 at 30-45 oC. The reaction was second order with respect to dye and half order to persulphate. Increasing the pH of the medium increased the rate of decolourisation dramatically in alkaline medium. The Activation Parameters were found to be 62.11 kJ mol-1, 90.33 kJ mol-1 and -98.44J K-1 mol-1 with respect to activation energy, free energy and entropy respectively. Addition of sodium chloride and sodium sulphate had no effect on the rate of decolourisation. Key wards: Kinetics, Mechanism, Degradation, Rosaniline, Persulphate. 1. Introduction Textile dyeing process is significant source of environmental pollution. It produces large amounts of highly colored effluents, which generally toxic resistant to destruction by biological treatment methods. Many physical, chemical processes such as adsorption [1], electrochemical [2], photocatalytic [3] are used to remove the dyes from waste water. Chemical oxidative processes seem to provide an opportunity for future use in industrial wastewater. Examples of such potentially effective chemical oxidants for oxidative processes include Fenton reagent [4-5], KBrO3 [6-7] and KClO3 [8]. *corresponding author e-mail: [emailprotected] The use of persulfate has recently attention as an alternative oxidant in the chemical oxidation of contaminants [9-12]. Persulphate (KPS) is one of the strongest oxidants known in aqueous solution and has a higher potential (Eo = 2.01 V) than H2O2 (Eo = 1.76 V) [13] Table 1. It offers some advantages over other oxidants as a solid chemical at ambient temperature with ease of storage and transport, high stability, high aqueous solubility and relatively low cost. It has great capability for degrading numerous organic contaminants through free radicals ( SO4-. and HO.) generated in the persulphate system [12]. Basic dyes, such as, crystal violet, malachite green and roseaniline hydrochloride are used cotton tannin, mordant printing and dyeing in textile. Rosaniline is triphenylmethane dyes with amino group on each phenyl ring. Its structure is easily reducible where the chromophore group is destroyed and the compound loses its colour. Redox reaction of rosaniline hydrochloride by sulphite and nitrite ions are reported earlier [14-16]. This work focused on the kinetic study of oxidation of rosaniline hydrochloride with persulphate at ambient temperature spectrophotometrically. The effects of pH, dye, persulphate concentrations and temperature were studied. Also mechanism as well as rate law equation for the reaction is proposed. 2. Experimental 2.1. Reagents and materials All chemicals were of pure grade and were used without further purification. Rosaniline hydrochloride BDH (molecular weight =337.8, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¬max = 540 nm). The chemical structure of (RAH) is given in (Fig.1). NaCl and Na2SO4 were purchased from Merck. All solutions were prepared using bidistilled water. Stock solutions of dye (1 mM), K2S2O8 (100mM) were prepared. The pH is adjusted by HCl and NaOH solutions. 2.2. Kinetic experiments All kinetic measurements were carried out using a Cecil 292 spectrophotometer equipped with a water-jacketed cell holder. The reactants (dye and K2S2O8+NaOH) were thermostated for 15 min., then mixed thoroughly and quickly transferred to an absorption cell. The progress of the reaction was monitored at 540 nm. The pH of the reaction was adjusted using Griffin pH-meter fitted with a combined glass calomel electrode. 3. Results and Discussion Kinetic study for oxidation of (RAH) by (KPS) was followed at à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¬max= 540nm. Figure 2 shows the decreasing of absorbance with time. Figure 2 also shows that about 85% of rosaniline is removed in 60 minutes at temperature 25 oC. 3.1 Kinetic study In the present study, zero-, first- and second-order reaction kinetics were used to study the decolourization kinetics of (RAH) by (KPS). The individual expression were represented below Ct = Co– kot lnCt = -k1t + ln Co 1/Ct = 1/Co+ k2t where Ct is the concentration of (RAH) at reaction time t. Regression analysis based on the zero-, first- and second-order reaction kinetics for the decolourization of (RAH) by (KPS) was conducted and the results were shown in (Fig. 3). Since plotting of At versus time did not give straight line zero-order kinetics is excluded. Comparing the regression coefficients (R2) obtained from (Fig. 3b) and (Fig. c), it can be seen that R2 of the second-order reaction kinetics (Fig. 3c) was 0.9995, which was obviously much better than that based on the first-order (R2 = 0.9394) reaction kinetics. The results indicated that the decolorization kinetics of (RAH) followed the second-order kinetics well. Based on the above analysis, the second-order kinetic rate constants for the decolourization of (RAH) at different reaction conditions were shown in Table 2. 3.2. Effect of pH A thermally activated persulphate oxidation system is known to involve SO4. and HO. radicals depending on the pH of the medium. According to literature survey, SO4. is predominant oxidant radicals at pHà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¼ 7, both SO4. and HO. are present at neutral pH and HO. is predominant radical at pH à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¾ 9[9]. Keeping the concentration of (RAH), (KPS) and temperature constant and change the pH in range 3.5 to 9.5, the rate of reaction is increased by increasing the pH value, (Fig. 4). Increasing the pH in range 3.5 to 9.5 increased observed rate constant from 6.7x 10-4 to 6.8 x 10-3 mol dm3 s-1, Table 2. This is probably attributed to the effect of hydroxyl ion on (RAH) which converting it to a carbinol base with no conjugation structure. All studies have done at pH = 9 since dyeing cotton performed in alkaline medium [17]. 3.3. Effect of dye concentration The effect of initial (RAH) concentration of aqueous solution of rosaniline on oxidation process by persulphate was investigated since pollutant concentration is important parameter in wastewater treatment. The observed rate constant decreases linearly with increasing the initial concentration of rosaniline, (Fig. 5). This is attributed to relatively lower of SO4-. and HO. results from the increasing of rosaline concentration while concentration of persulphate and hydroxyl ions remains the same. The obtained results was in good agreement earlier reported [18-19]. 3.4. Effect of persulphate concentration Increasing the persulphate concentration in rang 410-3 to 2.4x 10-2 mol dm-3 increasing the rate constant from 3.1310-3 to 9.9210-3 mol-1dm3 s-1 at pH= 9 and temperature 40oC, Table 2. Plotting of log kobs versus log [K2S2O8] give straight line of slope equals 0.63 indicating the order of reaction with respect to persulphate is half, (Fig. 6). This is similar to results obtained by T. Mushinga and S. Jonnalagadda [20]. Also the fraction order ( n = 0.779) with respect to persulphate is obtained by M. Ahmadi et al[19]. 3.5. Effect of temperature The variation of the temperature in range of 303-318 K increases the rate of decolourization of rosaniline, (Fig. 7). The activation energy was calculated from Arrhenius plot and Eyring equation and was found to be 62.11 kJ mol-1. The activation energy for decolourisation of RY84 was 45.84 kJ mol-1[19] while for decolourisation of CV by persulphate was 28.9 kJ mol-1[18]. Chen-Ju Liang and Shun-Chin Huang demonstrated that the activation energy for MB with persulphate was 87 and 90 kJ mol-1 in acidic and alkaline medium respectively [9]. The other activation parameters were determined and are found to be 90.33 kJ mol-1 and -98.44 JK-1 for free energy and entropy respectively. 3.6. Effect of inorganic anions The potent effect of persulphate as oxidizing agent in destroying the organic contaminants is high redox potential of sulphate free radical. The presence of other species in waste water such as chloride, sulphate and phosphate could reduce its oxidation efficiency. It is reported earlier [21] that chloride can react with sulphate free radicals according to the following mechanism: Chloride concentrations had insignificant effect in studied range [0.008- 0.08 mol dm-3]. Also the presence of sulphate did not reduce the decolourisation rate. Similar results are observed earlier [21-23]. 4. Reaction Mechanism and Rate Law The probable mechanism of reaction involves the break of conjugation of roseaniline hydrochloride. Since the fraction order of persulphate is observed, It likely that the initial reaction is thermal decomposition of persulphate, Applying equilibrium approximation and assuming an equilibrium between the reactant and product of (eq. 1) From (eqs.5 6) If the proposed mechanism and rate low are probable, so plotting of kobs versus [S2O82-]1/2 should yielded straight line passing by origin and the slope should be equals k x K1/2. Using the data in Table 3 and the plot gave straight line passing by the origin with slope =0.065 (R2 = 0.9557) which support the proposed mechanism. Conclusion In this study, (RAH) was successfully degraded in aqueous solutions by the persulphate and it was found that the reaction of (RAH) degradation follows the second-order kinetic model with respect to (RAH) and half order to persulphate. The activation energy for (RAH) degradation with the persulphate was determined to be 62.11 kJ mol-1.The presence of inorganic ions such as NaCl and Na2SO4 had no effects on the (RAH) degradation. References 1- Z. M. A bou-Gamra, H. A. Medien, Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies of Rhodamine B adsorption by low cost of biosorbent sugar cane bagasse Eur. Chem. Bull., 2(7) (2013) 417-422. 2-M. JoviĆ¡, D. StankoviĆ¡, D. ManojloviĆ¡, I. AnÄ‘elkoviĆ¡, A. MiliĆ¡, B. DojÄ inoviĆ¡1, G. RogliĆ¡, Study of the electrochemical oxidation of reactive textile dyes using platinum electrode, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 8 (2013) 168-183. 3-J. Ã…  Ãƒ ­ma, P. Hasal, Photocatalytic degradation of textile dyes in aTiO2/UV system chemical engineering transaction 32 (2013) 79-84. 4- Z. M. Abou-Gamra, Kinetic of decoloration of alizarine red S in aqueous media by Fenton like mechanism, Eur. Chem. Bull., 3(1) (2014) 108-112. 5- H. A. Medien, S. M. E. Khalil, Kinetics of the oxidative decolorization of some organic dyes utilizing Fenton-like reaction in water J. King Saud Univ. (Science), 22 (2010) 147-153. 6-A.H. Gemeay, G.R. El-Ghrabawy, A.B. Zaki, Kinetics of the oxidative decolorization of Reactive Blue-19 by acidic bromate in homogeneous and heterogeneous media Dyes Pigments 73 (2007) 90-97. 7-M. Nasiruddin Khan, Z. Siddiqui, F. Uddin, Kinetic and mechanism study of the oxidative decolorization of neutral Red by bromate in micellar Medium, J. Iran. Chem. Soc., 6(3) (2009), 533-541. 8- Y. Mohammed, A.C. Etonihu, V.A. Tsa, Hexamethylpararosaniline chloride (crystal violet) oxidation by chlorate ions in aqueous acidic medium: approach to the mechanism of reaction, Trakia J. Sci. 9 (2011) 1-7. 9-C. Liang, S. Huang, Kinetic model for sulfate/hydroxyl radical oxidation of methylene blue in a thermally-activated persulfate system at various pH and temperatures, Sustain Environ. Res., 22(4) (2012) 199-208. 10-C. Liang, Z. Wang, C. J. Bruell, Influence of pH on persulfate oxidation of TCE at ambient temperatures, Chemosphere 66 (2007) 106-113. 11-X. Xu, X. Li, Degradation of azo dye Orange G in aqueous solutions by persulfate with ferrous ion, Separation and Purification Technology 72 (2010) 105-111. 12-X. Xu, S. Li, J. Liu, Y. Yu, H. Li, Activation of persulfate and Its environmental application, International J. of Environment and Bioenergy, 1(1) (2012) 60-81. 13- D.C. Harris, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 4th Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, 1995. 14- J.F. Iyun,. H.M. Lawal, Non- metal redox kinetics; the reduction of pararosaniline chloride by sulphite ions acidic solutions, J. Chem. Soc. Nigeria 22(1997)155-159. 15- O.A. Babatunde, Kinetics and mechanism of reduction of parafuchsin by nitrite Ions in aqueous Acid Medium, World Journal of Chemistry 4 (1) (2009) 39-44. 16- J.F. Iyun, O.D. Onu, Nigerian J. Chem. Research, 3 (1998), 24. 17- A. Walters, D. Santillo, P. Johnston, â€Å"An Overview of Textiles Processing and Related Environmental Concerns†. Greenpeace Research Laboratories, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK, 2005, p.16. 18-L.M.A. Fayoumi, M.A. Ezzedine, H.H. Akel, M.M. El Jamal, Kinetic study of the degradation of crystal violet by K2S2O8 comparison with malachite green, Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta 30(2) (2012) 121-133. 19- M. Ahmadi, J. Behin, A. R. Mahnam, Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxydisulfate oxidation of reactive yellow 84, Journal of Saudi Chemical Society (2013), in press. 20- T. Mushinga, S. B. Jonnalagadda, A kinetic approach for the mechanism of malachite green-peroxydisulphate reaction in aqueous solution, International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, 24 (1992), 41-49. 21-Y. Lee, S. Lo, J. Kuo, C. Hsieh, Decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid by microwave activated persulfate: Effects of temperature, pH, and chloride ions, Frontiers Environ. Sci. Engin., 6(1) (2012), 17-25. 22-B. E. T. Soares, M. A. Lansarin, C. C. Moro, A study of process variables for catalytic degradation, Braz. J. Chem. Eng., 24(1) (2007) 29- 36. 23-A. H. Mcheik, M. M. El Jamal, Kinetic study of the decolorization of rhodamine B with persulphate, iron activation, Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 48(4) (2013) 357-365. 1

Flaws of Case Study and Experimental Method Research in Psychology :: Psychology

Psychology is a type of science because psychologists share a basic assumption with all other scientists. Psychology methods can range from simple to complex. There are several research methods in psychology, and the outcome is relatively different for each. Each method studies and tests different situations. â€Å"The goals of psychologist are to make predictions about the conditions that gave rise to them, and then use that knowledge to predict and possibly to control events in the future†. (Stephen F.Davis, 2007) Case study uses information obtained from one person or a few people to illuminate the behaviors of others and suggest further research. Sigmund Freud popularized case study along with his psychonalytic theory of personality. A major advantage of the case study is that focussed on one person allows researchers to gather a great deal of detailed information. The goal of a case study is to use the information gathered from one person to understand the behaviors of others. â€Å"The case study is often used by used by psychologist in order to research into aspects of the human psyche.† (Keirs, 2009) Psychologist use experiments, interviews, questionnaires, observations, diaries, and psychometric tests are used within a case study. There are two basic types of case study; retrospective and longitudinal. In retrospective, your information comes from the history of the person you are studying. If it were a person who was being studied, you would have been to interview the person about their childhood and their family, as a result developed a report of their life and early life. In contrast longitudinal, investigates the future. They research consequences of a certain situation that has happened. The key feature in the case study method is subject matter. The subject matter is usually a person or an animal. Much like experimental case study, it often uses variables. As with any other method, it has its advantages and disadvantages. The advantage of case study is the ecological validity of it. The information that is used in these studies is from real life environment. The information is good information because the research is so in depth. The research if often very useful. There are also disadvantages and potential disadvantages. One main disadvantage is case studies usually relate to one individual, and what applies to you may not apply to me. Replication would not be easy with case study because of the unique situations. â€Å"The experimental

Casey Anthony Trial

The Casey Anthony Trial One of the most controversial and polemic trials of all times since the OJ Simpson trial was the case of Casey Anthony and the murder of her two year old daughter. All the evidences and witness revealed that she was the main suspect in the murder of her daughter; however in 2011 she was found not guilty of this murder due to several different aspects. This paper will inform and provide the reader with detailed information about this case.In addition the reader will find out what was the outcome of this case and will provide the evidence and will summarize the criminal procedures that occurred from arrest through appeal. The elements of the crime and the evidence which prove that she was guilty will be described. In addition the legal defenses will be identified and how based on the evidence Casey Anthony should have been sentence to life in prison. Caylee Anthony was a two year old girl from Orlando, Florida who was the daughter of Casey Anthony.On July 15, 20 08 Cynthia Anthony who was Caylee’s grandmother and mother of Casey called the Orange County Police Department to report a vehicle that her daughter Casey had stole from her and to also report her missing granddaughter. Cynthia Anthony stated that her daughter Casey had disappeared in her vehicle four weeks ago along with Caylee and had not heard or seen any of them since. Casey Anthony was contacted by police the next day, Casey told detectives that the last time she saw her daughter was on June 9 before dropping her of at a nanny’s house that went by the name of Zenaida Fernandez.Casey stated that she worked as an event planner at Universal Studios and that in the evening of June 9 after getting off work she arrived at the apartment complex where she had left her daughter, once arriving she realized her daughter and the nanny were gone. After several days of investigation, detectives found that almost everything Casey had told them was a lie. First of all the last da y Casey saw her daughter was not on June 9 it was actually June 15 when the whole family went to visit Caylee’s great grandmother in Mount Dora for Father’s Day.Also the whole nanny situation was a lie, after detectives went to the apartment complex where supposable Zenaida Fernandez lived records showed that no one by that name had ever been a resident there. The next lie discovered was Casey’s employment, she was actually unemployed and not working at Universal studios like she stated. Records show that she worked there years back but was fired. Detectives saw no ambition in Casey trying to find her daughter, Casey was a liar and never did she show any type of emotions of suffering while talking to the detectives.The biggest concern to police was â€Å"Why Caylee was reported missing until a month after she was last seen? † Weeks before the call, the vehicle Casey had been driving was found abandoned. The tow truck driver who found the vehicle told offi cers that the vehicle had a smell as if something had been decomposing. The tow truck driver compared the smell to a similar situation where he found an abandoned truck with a dead man’s body laying inside. Along with the horrible smell inside the vehicle; hair and a black plastic bag were found in the trunk of the car.Also found was what it seemed to be blood. On July 16 Casey Anthony was charged with first-degree murder, child neglect, aggravated child abuse and four counts of lying to detectives. On December 11, 2008 Caylee’s body was found wrapped inside a plastic bag, her body was decomposed and her skull only held a few hairs. The skull had duct tape wrapped around it which was a form to test for DNA; after the DNA testing was examined it did not match Casey’s DNA.Charges were overturned although Casey still had to serve some time for a previous crime she had committed which had to do with check frauds. Social media played a big role in the defense strateg ies for the Casey Anthony trial, and the defense had to tweak their defense around that. The Internet has been a tool for attorneys to gauge what people are thinking about many things, such as books, movies, TV shows, and such social information has been used in jury selections.A consultant for Casey Anthony’s attorneys analyzed more than 40,000 negative and positive highly-charged opinions on social media sites and blogs and used them to help the defense form their trial strategy (â€Å"Defense Strategy In Casey Anthony Trial Of The Century: Tweaking Social Media Tactics†, 2012). Using this defense of strategy entails that the defense attorneys are going to go above and beyond to defend their client. They are using a method that has not been seen in law. By going on these web-sites and all the different social networks available, they are going to get the worlds opinion on things.Using these tools really helped them defend Casey Anthony defense finding new leads and o ther people that may need questioning. The day after the prosecution rested in the Casey Anthony murder trial, the defense came out swinging, attacking crime lab procedures to try and discredit one of the most potentially damning pieces of evidence: duct tape found on the skull of her daughter, Caylee. During the first day to present his side of the case, Anthony’s defense lawyer Jose Baez doubled down on the duct tape, calling FBI technician Heather Seubert to the stand.Seubert, who examined the tape at the FBI lab, testified that there was DNA on the tape, but that it didn’t match Casey or even the victim, Caylee. The only DNA on the duct tape belongs to a forensic examiner who conducted some of the analysis (â€Å"Defense Opens, Attacks Forensic Evidence In Casey Anthony Trial Read More: Http://newsfeed. time. com/2011/06/16/defense-Opens-Attacks-Forensic-Evidence-In-Casey-Anthony-Trial†, 2011). This piece of evidence was crucial for the defense. There was no matching DNA on the tape that lead the Casey Anthony to the death of her baby.Even though the verdict was not the one that the American people wanted to hear. I feel that this evidence lead to the not guilty verdict given by the jury. All the other evidence might lead to a guilty verdict, but once that was brought up I truly feel that is what made the jury come to their decision. Casey Anthony was first arrested on July 16, 2008, and was charged the following day with giving false statements, neglect of a child, and obstruction of a criminal investigation (Harris, 2012). Casey Anthony had been released in August 21, 2008 following Casey's Bail Bond had been posted.Casey Anthony had been presented a restricted immunity offer through prosecutors up to the point of September 2, 2008 however would not accept it. The Orange County grand jury indicted Casey Anthony on a total of seven counts: First-degree murder, aggravated child abuse, aggravated manslaughter and four counts of false st atements to law enforcement(Cox Media Group, 2012). Casey Anthony gave false information so frequently to family members and also the authorities about the location concerning her child.While her child went missing throughout the very initial thirty day period Casey Anthony carried on to be out there hanging out with acquaintances and Casey additionally proceeded to receive a tattoo on Casey's backside of â€Å"Bella Vita† which clarifies to beautiful life in Italian. Casey conduct had not been behaving such as a worried mom searching for her own absent child. The majority of the forensic evidence focuses about Casey Anthony’s vehicle, for instance a hair along with discoloration based in the trunk area, collections of chloroform and also chloroform had

Issues †politics Essay

Boeing is one of the world’s best known manufactures of aircrafts and so is Northrop Grumman who are the manufacturers of the airbus (Online News Hour, 2008). These are two top brands who are obviously competing in other areas of business and therefore any decision that involve them is bound to raise considerable heat. It should b noted that both are American companies though Northrop Grumman is partly owned by a French company. The nature of the contract which involves the security of America as a nation is a matter of national concern as it involves the development of structures that could ensure the growth of security systems. Boeing and Grumman being business structures, such a big contract will obviously attract the interest of stakeholders from both sides. There are a number of key issues that have been brought out by the airforce contracts which include: Military contracts are a matter of public concern since it is in place to protect the public, the resources used in the military contracts are derived from taxpayers and therefore the failure of such projects will be a waste of taxpayers money (Meyer, 2007). When McCain questioned the cost effectiveness in leasing planes that would otherwise have no values when their lease period was over his motive as the senator of Alabama was to ensure that the taxpayers money is channeled to useful projects. Furthermore, it is quite clear that the politicians have the ability to shoot down potentially useful deals due to what Northrop Grumman executives refer to as expensive lobbying. Politics is not always objective for there are situations where the stakes involved are shielded from the public and though the politics and viewpoints will be developed to suit the public, the real reasons are often personal (Meyer, 2007). The inclusion of politics in such cases therefore has both advantages and disadvantages and should be weighed carefully. Military procurement just like any other public procurement scheme is prone to corruption, this was the case in the original contract that was brought to an end by Rumsfeld in 2006. Moreover, the big money involved in military procurement processes act as a natural catalysts for corruption, therefore there is need to come up with a robust self regulated systems that will ensure that such unethical practices are not in anyway included in the procurement process, the congress thus comes into the picture (Meyer, 2007). However, the political system is not known for its objectivity. In the cases, some of the reasons brought out against Northrop Grumman are flimsy and lack in objectivity. The fact that there will be lobbying is a clear sign that there will be loss in objectivity thus the decision will tend to favor groups that are be able to garner enough political support in the congress. Furthermore, the political system is one of the most corrupt system there is and the rationale in placing such a system to guard against corruption is questionable. i.Security Military procurement is a security critical matter (Meyer, 2007). The military is in place to ensure that the US is protected against its external enemies (Meyer, 2007). The seriousness with which the equipment tendering process is treated and the keen eye that the media watches the unfolding of such events relay the importance placed on the military by the American people. The US is traditionally a ‘fighting nation’ and the effectiveness of its military and equipments is one of the factors that has cemented its place as a world power. Military activities require high levels of secrecy (Meyer, 2007). There is need to come up with effective equipments that can be used in varied situations. It should be noted that the arguments brought forward by the executives from both sides are centered around the superiority of their products or the weaknesses of their opposite. The need for accuracy and well developed products that have the required reputation are some of the considerations that led to the two big companies making it to the final stage. The two companies are multinationals that have developed their brands all over the globe. It is noteworthy that when the US defense secretary cancels Boeing’s leases other nations still seek their products and are continues seeking the products that have been labeled cost ineffective due to the reputation associated with their brand name. The importance of the security system is seen in the number of avenues and legislative systems that have been put in place to ensure that the process is done in a just manner (Krishnan, 2008). When the airforce declares that Northrop Grumman had won the bid for the airforce tankers, Boeing seeks redress through a different avenue: Public accountability office. The office looks at their complaints and decides to freeze the process. It should be noted that it was the same office that had early in the decades frozen a billion dollar Boeing contract due to corruption charges. Even though there are systems put in place to ensure proper procedures in procurement of services and services, they can be outdone easily (Krishnan, 2008). The corruption allegations made in the initial Boeing contracts are a clear case where the protocols were overridden and it only came to realization a couple of months after the contracts had been signed. Furthermore, the fact that is was later found out that a different design could meet the specifications made by the airforce with reduced costs clearly show that even though the guidelines are put in place they are rarely followed thus the need for a system or authority that will follow up on the recommendations and processes to ensure that they conform to the laid out guidelines. Some politicians have argued that the French affiliation of the airbus manufacturer is in itself a security risk and therefore a purely American company should be contracted. However, such a contracting systems will obviously lock out other capable companies and therefore bring about questions on the integrity of the bidding process. America has prided itself as being a liberalized nation, putting up measures that will lock out other qualified members on the basis of the compositions of its investors is contrary to the spirit of liberalization. Furthermore, being involved with a company that has partnered with a success story in Europe shields the tanker project from American economic downtimes though it effectively ensures that the project is affected by the happening in Europe. It is unrealistic to lobby for Boeing on the basis of confidentiality; a company that has already shown traces of corruption cannot be trusted and neither can a company that is yet to prove its worth in the military sector. Therefore, system should be put in place to ensure that the projects are monitored and compared to some given standards if either is to be awarded the contract. ii. Stability The US is the father of capitalism and is therefore a country that is characterized by intense competition between industry players who will always be on the look for additional finances that will ensure their development into the future (Verkuil, 2007). On the day it was reported that Northrop Grumman had won the military contracts its share prices rose by over 20 cents and Boeing’s shares fell by a couple of cents (CBS News, 2008). Note, the development in the contract procurement were being watched by investors who will then make their decisions on which company to invest in. Even though the large money involved in the transactions may be enough to lure investors into channeling their resources to a particular company, the reputation involved in being a company contracted with one of the world’s best airforce to develop its aircraft tankers is enough to cause significant changes in the company’s share index. Being a capitalistic economy where entities gain at the expense of others, Boeing is bound to feel the pinch. The situation is made worse by the consideration that Boeing has a well developed reputation and therefore failure to win a contract from a partner that it has associated with for a long time may be taken by the investors and its consumers in the wrong light. It may imply that the partner does not trust its capacity to develop superiors products or has doubts on its potential to remain productive. To bring the idea of reputation into perspective, many are of the notion that the corruptions charges brought against Boeing may have affected its chances of successfully bidding for the contract (Verkuil, 2007). This holds considerable weight in that the military is not all about facilities but also reputation. The American people and its enemies will always keep a keen eye on the military and any transactions conducted with a partner who is proved to be corrupt will dent on its integrity thus its reputation. Conclusion Awarding a contract to a company to deliver services that are of public interest is a complex process and will always involve the media and many other systems that have been put in place to ensure the safety of the public. Individual good and interest will always be central in the arguments brought forward by most people, this is more pronounced if the contract will significantly affect many people. It is therefore upon the government and the social systems to ensure that the systems put in place to ensure effectiveness of the bidding process are functioning properly and are robust enough to deal with the dynamism associated with such processes. If need be, changes must be instituted to ensure that the system are functioning. The products delivered must measure up to some predetermined standards to ensure quality and accountability. These measures and other quality management measures if well integrated into the bidding and implementation of contracts that are of public interest will ensure that the public benefits in the best possible way. Word Count: 3271 ,Reference List CBS News (2008). Boeing Spurned On Huge Air Force Contract. Retrieved 13 October 2008 from Krishnan, A. (2008). War as Business: Technological Change and Military Service Contracting. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Meyer, J. (2007). Working in a War Zone: Military Contractors. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. Online News Hour (2008). Boeing, Northrop Grumman Clash Over Tanker Contract. Retrieved 13 October 2008 from United States Government Accountability Office (2008). Statement Regarding the Bid Protest Decision Resolving the Aerial Refueling Tanker Protest by The Boeing Company. Retrieved 13 October 2008 from Verkuil, R. (2007). Outsourcing Sovereignty: Why Privatization of Government Functions Threatens Democracy and what We Can Do about it. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Operations Performance Objectives

1. OPERATIONS PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES In accordance with Slack, Chambers and Johnston, performance objectives is a generic set of performance and indicators that can be used to set the objectives or judge the performance of any type of operation. In this context, there are five key most objectives that can or will be used to help improve the operations of a service industry (Dental health care as stated earlier). a)Quality Quality can be defined in so many ways. In simpler terms we will describe it as the element in a product that rises above the other and is able to satisfy the needs/specifications of a consumer and has some high value attached to it. Quality in operations performance objectives for a dental health care ensures that most appropriate treatment is delivered and that customers are all treated with courtesy (getting value for their money). This entails doing the right thing at the right time and meeting customer specifications, which leaves them satisfied. b)Speed Speed is defined as the elapsed time between customers’ placing orders and the goods/services being delivered to them. With speed, it means that the delivery of the service required is done within the shortest possible time. For example the time it takes for the dentist to screen the teeth of the patient to the time he gives an answer of what his findings are should be reduced and acceptable to the customer. In turn, this reduces likeliness of lagging behind and not being able to finish attending to all the patients in time. It does impact positively on the improvement of operations when time is highly considered. As the cliche goes, ‘time is money and time wasted is never gained, so use it wisely. ’ )Dependability Dependability is the delivery or making available of goods/services when they were promised to customers. It can also be defined as staying true to one’s word and trustworthiness. In this context it would mean avoiding cancellations of appointments with customers. It really pays highly to an organization for customers to know that they can depend on the services provide d to them at that particular organization. It helps in creating rapport with the customers, hence allowing for them to even encourage other people to come and seek for services from you. d)Flexibility This is the degree to which an operations process can change what it does, how it is done and when it is done. When something’s flexible, it simply means that there is room for change or adjustments. In this case, it means that the service industry (dental health care) should be ready to introduce new treatments and/or have many more treatment to match up to the customers’ ever changing and varying demands. This helps the industry to expand. e)Cost Cost can be defined as the monetary value attached to the services/goods provided and also attached to the production or offering of that good/service. Cost helps to identify how operation scan be run at a more affordable price right for the marketplace the industry operates in and be able to achieve good profit margins. To the producer or service provider, the lower the cost of production the means lower the prices for the customers, which means more savings. In conclusion, â€Å"performance objectives are the key to unlocking any communications or performance initiative. The answer is the foundation and structure of your work on any project: the performance objective. † Document Information Design Inc. 2004.